CHEMICAL TESTS FOR WATER

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CHEMICAL TESTS FOR WATER

Aim : To determine the Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Chlorides, TDS in water.

1. Test for Total Hardness (Hardness due to presence of calcium and magnesium)

Procedure -

Take 50 ml of water in a conical flask.

Add one total hardness indicator tablet ( Erichrome Black T indicator ) and mix well.

Add 5 drops of ammonia buffer solution and shake well.

Titrate the mixture against 0.02N EDTA ( Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid) solution.

When the colour is changed from violet to blue, stop titration and and take burette reading.

Calculation -

Total Hardness ( mg/l ) = ( Burette reading*1000 )/ sample taken

2. Test for Alkalinity

Procedure -

Take 50 ml of sample in a clonical flask.

Add 3-4 drops of methyl orange indicator and mix well

Titrate it against 0.1 N Hcl.

When colour changes from yellow to orange, stop titration and note burette reading.

Calculation -

Alkalinity (mg/l) = (Titre value*N of HCl*50*1000)/ml of sample taken

3. Test for Chlorides

Procedure -

Take 50 ml of sample in a conical flask.

Add 1 ml Potassium Chromate indicator and mix well.

Titrate against AgNO3 solution.

When a pinkish yellow colour is reached, stop titration and note the reading.

Calculation -

Chlorides (mg/l) = ( Titre value*Normality of AgNO3*35.46*1000 )/ ml of sample taken.

4. Test for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

TDS can be checked through TDS meter and can also be checked manually.

Procedure -

Take 100 ml of water in a pre weighed beaker.

Boil the water to evaporate all the water.

Remove the beaker from fire when a little water is left in the beaker.

Keep the beaker in Hot Air Oven to evaporate rest of the water.

Take out the beaker and allow to cool.

Weigh the beaker.

Calculation -

TDS in ppm = [(W2 - W1)/ml of sample taken]*10^6

Where W1 = weight of the dry empty beaker

W2 = weight of beaker with evaporated water.


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WIND POWER PLANT

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Energy is an important part of any country’s economy. Today major energy need in a country is achieved by using conventional sources of energy. It includes coal, natural gas, nuclear fuel, etc. But these sources are limited on earth . Looking towards the environment effect as thermal plant releases smoke and ash which causes air pollution. Nuclear power plant releases radioactive waste which are hazardous and cause air and land pollution. Due to these factor we concern our idea toward non conventional sources of energy. Non –conventional sources of energy are environmental friendly, easily available on earth .

Wind energy has evolved as one of the non conventional sources of energy. It is an indirect form of solar energy. Wind power plant extract energy from wind and convert it into mechanical energy which is used by turbine to convert it into electrical energy....

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) (Clean & Fuel Saving Technology)

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ABSTRACT

Today automobiles are identified as one of the major causes of air pollution and energy depletion. Vehicles are also identified for their low efficiency in other words high-energy loss. Hybrid Electric Vehicles have the capacity to overcome these situations and bring a new revolution.

Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provides propulsion power is a hybrid. The gasoline electric hybrid vehicle is just the required type of crossbreed between a gasoline powered vehicle and electric vehicle. Hybrid vehicles run both with a rechargeable battery as well as gasoline. In a hybrid engine, power from gasoline and power from a set of batteries transmits power to an electric motor. There are less adverse effects due to the Hybrid electric vehicles. Also the batteries used in hybrid vehicles (rechargeable Nickel metal hydride, Lead acid batteries, Lithium Polymer batteries) are disposable which will not pose any toxic hazards to the environment. The notable fact in hybrid vehicles is that the DC machine is that it can run both as a Motor as well as a generator.

In addition, hybrid vehicles make use of a system that recovers power from the momentum of the vehicle when braking. The Hybrid vehicles are complicated machines when compared to their counterparts of the gasoline-powered vehicles. But higher efficiencies, lower emissions of hybrid vehicles grabs the attention of the new ERA. The other facilities of these hybrid vehicles i.e. performance, manufacturing cost and environmental impacts are discussed in this paper...

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Solar Power Aircraft Project

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The objective of Project was to design an aircraft that would fly unmanned for extended periods of time at high altitudes using solar power. Platform, payload, power sources, long flight duration, unmanned, real-time access, remote guidance and control, and cost were all considered during the design process. An altitude of more then 10,00,00 feet altitude and speed of more then 25mph is kept as target. This can be achieved by triple slotted flap wing because it increases lift and thrust of the air craft. NASA’s Helios aircraft was chosen to be the platform for the mission. The vehicle will be powered by black silicon solar panels and a high-speed flywheel for nighttime flight. The science package will include a Digital Array Scanned Interferometer (DASI), an “Airborne Real-Time Imaging System,” and an acoustic remote sensing system known as SODAR. They will be used for a variety of monitoring purposes, such as storm development, forests, and other large remote expanses to provide early warning of hurricanes, fires, or crop damage. The DASI sensor will also collect, identify, and monitor environmental data for the assessment of global change...

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Hydraulically Operated Spring Stiffness Measuring Machine

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Brief Description

Stiffness of the spring means load required for unit deflection, It is also known as spring index and is main parameter for specification of springs. Springs like Compression helical spring, Tension helical spring, Leaf spring of various sizes and shapes are designed and manufactured.  But to check their stiffness is very difficult unless we have such machine.

Stiffness checking machine also useful in Engineering college, Polytechnics, for laboratory experiments. Stiffness checking machine is useful for spring manufacturer as well as spring purchasers for checking the stiffness. In Industry quality control department helps much more.

Considering wide application of machine this project is taken for design the simple machine...

CONTENTS.
TITLE.
1.    Synopsis.
2.    Final project report.
3.    Brief description about project.
4.    Type of springs.
5.    Materials for helical spring.
6.    Materials for leaf spring.
7.    Hydraulic fluid.
8.    About equipment.
9.    Hydraulic circuit.
10.    Working principle.
11.    Specification.
12.    Design of various components.
13.    Power pack.
14.    Design of main frame.
15.    Design of Ram end thread.
16.    Design of Adjustable table screw.
17.    Design of hydraulic cylinder thickness, flange thickness.
18.    Design of end cover & seal box bolts.
19.    Design of table.
20.    Forward load & Return load calculation.
21.    Load/pressure graph for cylinder forward.
22.    Load/pressure graph for cylinder return.
23.    Cost estmatation,
24.    Catalogues.      
    i.  Hand pump.
    ii. Lever operated D.C.valve.
    iii.Pressure relief Valve.

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World Wide Web (WWW)

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To understand the WWW one must first grasp the concept of a unified, collective faction.  Thus to understand we must first grasp what the Internet and cyberspace actually are.... Cyberspace is the virtual world that the Internet was created and is maintained in, the term was first coined in the mid-eighties by author and visionary William Gibson, his novel Neuromancer described the future as a great collective of computers and he called this future universe  CYBERSPACE.  The Internet on the other hand survives in this Cyberspace by having a central backbone, to which everything travels on, one might even liken the Internet and the WWW to a human body with its central nervous system radiating out in all directions and going to the different parts of the body (or in this case computers). But how did this thing we call the Internet get started...

In the 1950's the U.S. Military was involved in the cold war with the former USSR and with the successful launch of the space shuttle sputnik, the Americans began to get frightened, if the Soviets had the power to launch a ship into space, then surely they could knock out the then existent computer that controlled the whole Department of Defense.  Thus ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was created.  The backbone that would form the Internet was now in place with about four mainframes linked together so that if one system was knocked out the others would still function...

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Chemical Weapon

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It is time for Norwegians to get their heads out of the sand regarding chemical weapons. Declaring Norway a chemical weapons free area is an illusion. Those Soviet systems on the Kola Peninsula capable of delivering chemical weapons are not there for the amusement of Russian soldiers. Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev did not get around to discussing chemical weapons in Iceland. An American official who was there commented that there are only so many hours in a day. Another reason was that there was little public pressure. This is surprising, since a number of countries have used chemical weapons since World War II, most recently in the Iraq-Iran conflict. Furthermore, they have always been used against countries which had poor chemical defenses and little or nothing with which to retaliate. A quarter of a century ago, there were about five countries with chemical weapons. There are now about fifteen, and the number is growing...

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